results: 本研究发现，信息分子的物理特性会对其在不同的通信系统中的表现产生重要影响，例如，在不同的溶剂中，信息分子的移动速率和稳定性会有所不同。此外，通信系统的设计和实现也会受到信息分子的物理特性的限制。Abstract
Molecular communication, as implied by its name, uses molecules as information carriers for communication between objects. It has an advantage over traditional electromagnetic-wave-based communication in that molecule-based systems could be biocompatible, operable in challenging environments, and energetically undemanding. Consequently, they are envisioned to have a broad range of applications, such as in the Internet of Bio-nano Things, targeted drug delivery, and agricultural monitoring. Despite the rapid development of the field, with an increasing number of theoretical models and experimental testbeds established by researchers, a fundamental aspect of the field has often been sidelined, namely, the nature of the molecule in molecular communication. The potential information molecules could exhibit a wide range of properties, making them require drastically different treatments when being modeled and experimented upon. Therefore, in this paper, we delve into the intricacies of commonly used information molecules, examining their fundamental physical characteristics, associated communication systems, and potential applications in a more realistic manner, focusing on the influence of their own properties. Through this comprehensive survey, we aim to offer a novel yet essential perspective on molecular communication, thereby bridging the current gap between theoretical research and real-world applications.
摘要
分子通信，即其名称所示，使用分子作为信息传递载体，在物体之间进行通信。它与传统的电磁波通信相比，具有优点，如兼容生物体、可在复杂环境下运行、能量占用低。因此，它们被看作有广泛的应用前景，如生物纳нос物网、射针剂物elivery和农业监测等。尽管领域的发展速度加剧，研究人员已经建立了一系列理论模型和实验床，但是一个基本方面经常被忽略，即分子在分子通信中的本质。可以说，信息分子可以展示各种性能，因此在模型和实验中需要不同的处理。因此，在这篇论文中，我们将探讨通用信息分子的基本物理特性、相关的通信系统和应用场景，强调分子自身的性质对分子通信的影响。通过这项全面的检查，我们希望提供一个新的 yet 基本的视角，帮助填补当前理论研究和实际应用之间的漏洞。
Simultaneous Energy Harvesting and Hand Gesture Recognition in Large Area Monolithic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
results: 研究人员通过监测光电吸收器的电流输出，使用机器学习算法，可以准确地识别手势，准确率为 97.71%。这些结果表明，光电吸收器是自适应光照条件下的自动化交互技术的理想选择，同时具有用户质量的外观和功能特点。Abstract
Internet of Things (IoT) devices have become prevalent, embedding intelligence into our environment. It is projected that over 75 billion IoT devices will be connected by 2025 worldwide, with the majority being operated indoors. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have recently been optimized for ambient light, having the capabilities of providing sufficient energy for self-powered IoT devices. Interaction with digital technologies, termed Human Computer Interaction (HCI), is often achieved via physical mechanisms (e.g. remote controls, cell phones) which can hinder the natural interface between users and IoT devices, a key consideration for HCI. What if the solar cell that is powering the IoT device can also recognize hand gestures which would allow the user to naturally interact with the system? Previous attempts to achieve this have necessarily employed an array of solar cell/photodiodes to detect directionality. In this work, we demonstrate that by monitoring the photocurrent output of an asymmetrically patterned monolithic (i.e., single cell) DSSC, and using machine learning, we can recognize simple hand gestures, achieving an accuracy prediction of 97.71%. This work shows that, DSSCs are the perfect choice for self-powered interactive technologies, both in terms of powering IoT devices in ambient light conditions and having aesthetic qualities that are prioritized by users. As well as powering interactive technologies, they can also provide a means of interactive control.
摘要
互联网物联网（IoT）设备已经广泛普及，嵌入智能到我们的环境中。预计到2025年，全球将有超过750亿个IoT设备连接在线，大多数在室内运行。Recently，染料敏感太阳能电池（DSSC）已经优化了周围的光照，可以为自动化的IoT设备提供充足的能源。与数字技术互动（HCI）相关的交互通常通过物理机制（如远程控制器、手机）进行，这会阻碍用户和IoT设备之间的自然交互，这是HCI的关键考虑因素。如果太阳电池可以识别手势，那么用户可以自然地与系统交互。在这种情况下，我们表明，通过监测异形印刷的单元太阳电池的光电流输出，并使用机器学习，可以识别简单的手势，实现预测准确率为97.71%。这个工作表明，太阳电池是自动化交互技术的 идеal 选择，不仅可以在周围光照条件下为IoT设备提供能源，还可以具有用户考虑的美学特点。此外，它们还可以提供交互控制的方式。
MadRadar: A Black-Box Physical Layer Attack Framework on mmWave Automotive FMCW Radars
results: 研究表明，攻击者可以在受害者雷达的点云中发生 False Positive、False Negative 和Translation 攻击，并且可以在实际案例中进行证明。Abstract
Frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) millimeter-wave (mmWave) radars play a critical role in many of the advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) featured on today's vehicles. While previous works have demonstrated (only) successful false-positive spoofing attacks against these sensors, all but one assumed that an attacker had the runtime knowledge of the victim radar's configuration. In this work, we introduce MadRadar, a general black-box radar attack framework for automotive mmWave FMCW radars capable of estimating the victim radar's configuration in real-time, and then executing an attack based on the estimates. We evaluate the impact of such attacks maliciously manipulating a victim radar's point cloud, and show the novel ability to effectively `add' (i.e., false positive attacks), `remove' (i.e., false negative attacks), or `move' (i.e., translation attacks) object detections from a victim vehicle's scene. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of our attacks on real-world case studies performed using a real-time physical prototype on a software-defined radio platform.
摘要
射频调变连续波（FMCW）毫米波激光器在今天的汽车中扮演了重要的角色。而以往的研究仅仅成功地进行了对这种感应器的伪造攻击，但是所有都假设了攻击者在受害者激光器的配置时有执行时间的知识。在这个研究中，我们介绍了MadRadar，一个可以实时估计受害者激光器的配置，并根据估计进行攻击的通用黑盒激光攻击框架。我们评估了这种攻击对受害者激光器的点云的影响，并显示了可以将 объек detection 添加（即伪阳性攻击）、删除（即伪阴性攻击）或 пере移（即平移攻击）受害者汽车的场景中的物体检测。最后，我们实际地评估了这些攻击的可行性，使用了真实的物理对应激光器平台。
Value-Based Reinforcement Learning for Digital Twins in Cloud Computing
paper_authors: Van-Phuc Bui, Shashi Raj Pandey, Pedro M. de Sant Ana, Petar Popovski
For: The paper is written for researchers and practitioners working on digital twin (DT) technology, particularly in the context of networked control systems.* Methods: The paper proposes a reinforcement learning solution combined with a Value of Information-based algorithm for performing optimal control and selecting the most informative sensors to satisfy the prediction accuracy of DT.* Results: The proposed method, called REVERB, can reduce the communication overhead up to five times while offering satisfactory performance for the DT platform.Here’s the Chinese translation of the three points:* For: 这篇论文是为了探讨网络控制系统中的数字孵化（DT）技术，特别是在网络控制系统中DT的应用。* Methods: 该论文提出一种基于强化学习的解决方案，并与值价信息算法结合在一起，以实现最佳控制和选择最有价值的感知器，以满足DT的预测准确性。* Results: 提议的方法（REVERB）可以降低通信负担，最多降低到五倍，并提供满足DT平台的良好性能。Abstract
The setup considered in the paper consists of sensors in a Networked Control System that are used to build a digital twin (DT) model of the system dynamics. The focus is on control, scheduling, and resource allocation for sensory observation to ensure timely delivery to the DT model deployed in the cloud. Low latency and communication timeliness are instrumental in ensuring that the DT model can accurately estimate and predict system states. However, acquiring data for efficient state estimation and control computing poses a non-trivial problem given the limited network resources, partial state vector information, and measurement errors encountered at distributed sensors. We propose the REinforcement learning and Variational Extended Kalman filter with Robust Belief (REVERB), which leverages a reinforcement learning solution combined with a Value of Information-based algorithm for performing optimal control and selecting the most informative sensors to satisfy the prediction accuracy of DT. Numerical results demonstrate that the DT platform can offer satisfactory performance while reducing the communication overhead up to five times.
摘要
文章考虑的设置包括在网络控制系统中使用感知器构建数字双方（DT）模型的系统动态。注重控制、调度和资源分配以确保感知器的观测数据在DT模型中的准确预测。然而，由于分布式感知器的限制网络资源、部分状态向量信息和测量误差，获取高效的状态估计和控制计算具有非常困难的问题。我们提出了REinforcement learning和Variational扩展卡尔曼滤波器（REVERB），它利用了强化学习解决方案和基于价值信息算法来实现最佳的控制和选择最有价值的感知器，以满足DT模型的预测精度。 numerics 结果表明，DT平台可以提供满意性的性能，同时减少通信负担达到五倍。
A New Polar-Domain Dictionary Design for the Near-field Region of Extremely Large Aperture Arrays
results: 在 simulations 中，提议的非均匀距离抽象方法可以实现更低的列准噪和更好的 UE 定位比 uniform 距离抽象方法Abstract
A grid of orthogonal beams with zero column coherence can be easily constructed to cover all prospective user equipments (UEs) in the far-field region of a multiple-antenna base station (BS). However, when the BS is equipped with an extremely large aperture array, the Fraunhofer distance is huge, causing the UEs to be located in the radiative near-field region. This calls for designing a grid of beams based on a near-field dictionary. In the previous work, a polar-domain grid design was proposed to maintain control over the column coherence. A limitation of this approach is identified in this paper, and we propose an enhanced methodology for the design of a polar-domain dictionary specifically tailored for the near-field of an extremely large aperture uniform planar array. Through simulation results, it is demonstrated that the proposed dictionary, employing a non-uniform distance sampling approach, achieves lower column coherence than the benchmark and significantly improves the localization of UEs compared to uniform distance sampling.
摘要
一个 orthogonal 框架可以容易地构建，以覆盖所有预测的用户设备（UE）在多antenna基站（BS）的远场区域。然而，当BS装备了极其大的 aperature 数组时，弗洛恩霍фер距离很大，导致UE被置于射频近场区域。这种情况需要基于near-field字典的grid beam设计。在先前的工作中，一种polar-domain 格局设计被提议，以维护列干相关性。这种方法的限制被描述在这篇论文中，我们提出了一种改进的方法，特地针对near-field 的极大天线平面阵列。通过实验结果，我们证明了我们的字典，通过非均匀距离抽样方法，可以在column干相关性方面下降，并且对UE的本地化优于均匀距离抽样。
Insights into Age-Related Functional Brain Changes during Audiovisual Integration Tasks: A Comprehensive EEG Source-Based Analysis
results: 研究发现中年人群的脑活动延迟，特别是对双感知刺激的延迟。年龄增长导致脑区域的神经活动变化，包括额上回和前前兆盘区域的变化。此外，中年人群的听觉视觉Integration相关脑区域可以通过k-means算法归一化为五个不同的脑网络。Abstract
The seamless integration of visual and auditory information is a fundamental aspect of human cognition. Although age-related functional changes in Audio-Visual Integration (AVI) have been extensively explored in the past, thorough studies across various age groups remain insufficient. Previous studies have provided valuable insights into agerelated AVI using EEG-based sensor data. However, these studies have been limited in their ability to capture spatial information related to brain source activation and their connectivity. To address these gaps, our study conducted a comprehensive audiovisual integration task with a specific focus on assessing the aging effects in various age groups, particularly middle-aged individuals. We presented visual, auditory, and audio-visual stimuli and recorded EEG data from Young (18-25 years), Transition (26- 33 years), and Middle (34-42 years) age cohort healthy participants. We aimed to understand how aging affects brain activation and functional connectivity among hubs during audio-visual tasks. Our findings revealed delayed brain activation in middleaged individuals, especially for bimodal stimuli. The superior temporal cortex and superior frontal gyrus showed significant changes in neuronal activation with aging. Lower frequency bands (theta and alpha) showed substantial changes with increasing age during AVI. Our findings also revealed that the AVI-associated brain regions can be clustered into five different brain networks using the k-means algorithm. Additionally, we observed increased functional connectivity in middle age, particularly in the frontal, temporal, and occipital regions. These results highlight the compensatory neural mechanisms involved in aging during cognitive tasks.
摘要
人类认知中协调视听信息的无缝融合是一个基本的特征。虽然年龄相关功能变化的听视 integrate (AVI) 已经广泛研究过，但是 across various age groups 的全面研究仍然不充分。先前的研究通过 EEG 数据获得了有价值的信息，但是它们受到了表达相关的脑区域活动和连接的限制。为了缓解这些缺陷，我们的研究在不同年龄组中进行了全面的听视 integrate 任务，特别是对中年人群进行了详细的研究。我们向 Young (18-25 岁)、Transition (26-33 岁) 和 Middle (34-42 岁) 年龄组健康参与者进行了视觉、听音和听视 stimuli，并记录了 EEG 数据。我们想要了解年龄对大脑活动和功能连接性的影响，特别是在听视任务中。我们发现中年人群的大脑活动延迟，尤其是对双感知 stimuli。脑干部的超 temporal cortex 和 superior frontal gyrus 在年龄增长时显示了显著的变化。低频带（theta和alpha）在 AVI 过程中也显示了年龄增长的明显变化。我们还发现在中年人群中，听视 integrate 相关的脑区域可以使用 k-means 算法归一化为五个不同的脑网络。此外，我们发现中年人群中的前额叶、 temporal 和 occipital 区域的功能连接性增加。这些结果指出年龄在认知任务中的补偿性神经机制。
Error Performance of Coded AFDM Systems in Doubly Selective Channels
results: 我们还提出了一种近似优化的 turbo decoder，基于sum-product算法，以提高AFDM系统的错误性能。实验结果证明了我们的分析和提议的有效性，显示AFDM在高速度通道上超过OFDM和OTFS的性能。Abstract
Affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM) is a strong candidate for the sixth-generation wireless network thanks to its strong resilience to delay-Doppler spreads. In this letter, we investigate the error performance of coded AFDM systems in doubly selective channels. We first study the conditional pairwise-error probability (PEP) of AFDM system and derive its conditional coding gain. Then, we show that there is a fundamental trade-off between the diversity gain and the coding gain of AFDM system, namely the coding gain declines with a descending speed with respect to the number of separable paths, while the diversity gain increases linearly. Moreover, we propose a near-optimal turbo decoder based on the sum-product algorithm for coded AFDM systems to improve its error performance. Simulation results verify our analyses and the effectiveness of the proposed turbo decoder, showing that AFDM outperforms orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) in both coded and uncoded cases over high-mobility channels.
摘要
affine频分多路复用（AFDM）是第六代无线网络的强有力竞争者，感谢它在延时-Doppler扩散下的强大抗性。在这封信中，我们研究了coded AFDM系统在双选择通道中的错误性能。我们首先研究了AFDM系统的条件对应error probability（PEP），然后 derivation its conditional coding gain。我们发现了AFDM系统的编码益和多路分配的多样性益之间存在基本的负面关系：编码益随着分配的数目下降，而多样性益 linearly 增长。此外，我们提议了coded AFDM系统的近似优化turbo解码器，基于sum-product算法，以提高其错误性能。实验结果证明了我们的分析和提议，显示AFDM在高速度通道上的性能超过了OFDM和OTFS。
Performance Analysis of MDMA-Based Cooperative MRC Networks with Relays in Dissimilar Rayleigh Fading Channels
results: 通过使用状态转移矩阵（STM）和幂等生成函数（MGF），本研究得出了关于停机概率和资源利用效率的关键分析结果。理论和 simulate结果都验证了理论分析的正确性。Abstract
Multiple access technology is a key technology in various generations of wireless communication systems. As a potential multiple access technology for the next generation wireless communication systems, model division multiple access (MDMA) technology improves spectrum efficiency and feasibility regions. This implies that the MDMA scheme can achieve greater performance gains compared to traditional schemes. Relayassisted cooperative networks, as a infrastructure of wireless communication, can effectively utilize resources and improve performance when MDMA is applied. In this paper, a communication relay cooperative network based on MDMA in dissimilar rayleigh fading channels is proposed, which consists of two source nodes, any number of decode-and-forward (DF) relay nodes, and one destination node, as well as using the maximal ratio combining (MRC) at the destination to combine the signals received from the source and relays. By applying the state transition matrix (STM) and moment generating function (MGF), closed-form analytical solutions for outage probability and resource utilization efficiency are derived. Theoretical and simulation results are conducted to verify the validity of the theoretical analysis.
摘要
多access技术是现代无线通信系统中关键技术之一。作为下一代无线通信系统的可能多access技术，模型分段多access（MDMA）技术提高了频率效率和可行区域。这意味着MDMA方案可以在传统方案中获得更高的性能提升。基于relay协作网络，无线通信基础设施可以有效利用资源并提高性能，当MDMA被应用时。本文提出了基于MDMA的异同RAYLEIGH抖折通信网络，该网络包括两个源节点、任意数量的解码并发（DF） relay节点，以及一个目的节点，同时在目的节点使用最大比率组合（MRC）将来自源和relay节点的信号进行组合。通过应用状态转移矩阵（STM）和时刻生成函数（MGF），我们 deriv了关于停机概率和资源利用效率的关键分析结果。我们进行了理论和实验研究，以验证分析结果的正确性。